Introduction Essays (4231 words) - Object-oriented Programming

Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sather is an object oriented language designed to be simple, efficient, safe, and non-proprietary. It aims to meet the needs of modern research groups and to foster the development of a large, freely available, high-quality library of efficient well-written classes for a wide variety of computational tasks. It was originally based on Eiffel but now incorporates ideas and approaches from several languages. One way of placing it in the 'space of languages' is to say that it attempts to be as efficient as C, C++, or Fortran, as elegant but safer than Eiffel or CLU, and to support higher-order functions as well as Common Lisp, Scheme, or Smalltalk. Sather has garbage collection, statically-checked strong (contravariant) typing, multiple inheritance, separate implementation and type inheritance, parameterized classes, dynamic dispatch, iteration abstraction, higher-order routines and iters, exception handling, assertions, preconditions, postconditions, and class invariants. Sather code can be compiled into C code and can efficiently link with object files of other languages. pSather, the parallel and distributed extension, presents a shared memory abstraction to the programmer while allowing explicit placement of data and threads. Sather and the ICSI Sather compiler have a very unrestrictive license aimed at encouraging contribution to the public library without precluding the use of Sather for proprietary projects. This chapter will provide a basic introduction for new users, pointing to sources of information about the language and the compiler. It also contains a summary of Sather features - for those familiar with another object-oriented language, this section provides an overview of the key features of Sather. 1.1 Acknowledgements This text has its roots in the Sather 1.1 specification, the Eclectic tutorial and Holger's iterator tutorial. This document also contains several organizational ideas and some text from S. Omohundro's originally planned Sather book. This text has benefitted from corrections, comments and suggestions from several people including Cary D. Renzema, Jerome Feldman, Claudio Fleiner and Arno Jacobsen. Particular thanks to Cary, Arno and Feldman for detailed error reports. Arno also made several suggestions regarding terminology and examples that have been incorporated. 1.2 How to read this Document This document is meant to be a complete description of Sather 1.1, and is intended as an introduction to the language for a person with some programming background. It is more expository in nature than the specification and contains sections that motivate particular aspects of the language, such as the overloading rules. In addition, it deals with some more abstract design issues that arise when programming in Sather (such as the effect of the contra-variant subtyping rule). 1.3 Sources of Information This section briefly introduces some concepts important to Sather that the reader may not have been exposed to in C++ [2]. It isn't meant as a complete language tutorial. More information of a tutorial nature is available from the WWW page: http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/Sather At the time of this writing, the only compiler implementing the 1.1 language specification is available from ICSI. It is freely available, includes source for class libraries and the compiler, and compiles into ANSI C. This compiler has been ported to a wide range of UNIX and PC operating systems. 1.4 Obtaining the Compiler The ICSI Sather 1.1 compiler can be obtained by anonymous ftp at ftp.icsi.berkeley.edu: /pub/sather Other sites also mirror the Sather distribution. The distribution includes installation instructions, 'man' pages, the standard libraries and source for the compiler (in Sather). Documentation, tutorials and up-to-date information are also available at the Sather WWW page: http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~sather ICSI also maintains a library of contributed Sather code at this page. There is a newsgroup devoted to Sather: comp.lang.sather There is also a Sather mailing list if you wish to be informed of Sather releases; to subscribe, send email to: [emailprotected] It is not necessary to be on the mailing list if you read the Sather newsgroup. 1.4.1 How do I ask questions? If it appears to be a problem that others would have encountered (on platform 'X', I tried to install it but the it failed to link with the error 'Y'), then the newsgroup is a good place to ask. If you have problems with the compiler or questions that are not of general interest, mail to one of [emailprotected] [emailprotected] This is also where you want to send bug reports. 1.5 Summary of Features This section provides a summary of Sather's features, with particular attention to features that are not found in

Battle Royal Essays

Battle Royal Essays Battle Royal Essay Battle Royal Essay â€Å"Battle Royal† by Ralph Ellison is the story about young African-American man who has to prove himself in White dominant society 1920s. Battle royal is one of the main symbols that show hardship the narrator had to go through to deliver his speech and that white people are in control. His fight goes beyond the character and represents the struggles of all African-American people in pursuit of equal treatment. Battle royal shows control White people have over African-Americans. Narrator came to give a speech but first he was ordered to participate in the fight with his fellow classmates. Even though the narrator has some â€Å"misgivings over the battle royal† (279), he doesn’t protest. â€Å"There was nothing to do but what we were told† (280). Blacks are free people by law, still they continue to receive enslavementary treatment. White men are in control of everything African-Americans desire: equality, money, jobs. â€Å"Everybody fought everybody else. No group fought together for long†(281). The same way African-Americans didn’t cooperate with each other to fight against White power. They were competing against each other, seeking Whites loyalty. They hoped that the best servers would get excess to money and status. Blindfold added confusion and anxiety to the fight. â€Å"I could no longer control my emotions. I had no dignity. I stumbled about like a baby or a drunken man† (281). Boys can’t predict from what side they will get hit. They can’t coordinate their actions because they don’t have the knowledge of their surroundings. African-Americans were seeking equality but many of them were blindfolded also: they didn’t know who to fight or how. During the fight, narrators blindfold becomes loose. He gains the knowledge of the surroundings and can better control his actions. It gives him advantage to other boys. The same happens when he receives the scholarship. Education was available mainly to white people. It puts narrator one step closer to their level. It gives him hope that one day he can be equal. Battle Royal shows control white people had over Black people and the struggles of African-Americans in their pursuit of equality. Scholarship gives the narrator, who is representative of African-American society, hope that one day he can become equal to white man.

Just-In Time Production Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Just-In Time Production - Research Paper Example The second way through which labor costs can be reduced is the introduction of more efficient production machinery which will take over some of the work done by workers and this will ensure that only the most essential workers are kept at the work place, hence a reduction of labor costs. Cutting production cycle time is very essential in a just-in time production system because the manufacturing company (HMC) is able to increase its overall production efficiency (Gupta, 1997). This not only ensures that the production time of automotive parts is reduced but it also ensures that there is a reduction of the cost of production. Shorter and more efficient production cycles should be adopted not only to speed up the production process but to also keep up with the consumer demand for the automotive parts. A good way of cutting production time is by ensuring that a production system is developed where a specific product is produced at a single work station instead of being pushed forward to another work station when only partially completed, like the outsourcing system which HMC had previously adopted. This will reduce the pilling up of unfinished work which need immediate attention and will instead cut the production cycle, therefore increasing the overall production efficiency of the HMC manufacturing plant. ... It is best to only order raw materials when a customer makes an order for a product, ensure that the raw materials arrive in time for it to go into production and most important of all, to ensure that the product is finished on time and it is shipped to the consumer using the fastest means available to establish a reputation for efficiency. A swift and efficient system of production ensures that there is a minimal amount of inventory and these results in a reduction of inventory costs (Schniederjans and Cao, 2001). The reduction of expediting costs is very important for HMC due to the large amounts of money it is able to save in the process. Many manufacturing companies spend a lot of money annually in a scramble to ship their products on time and this is mainly due to the fact that the planning and scheduling requirements of many of them are not homogenous. It is therefore necessary for HMC to keep its planning and scheduling requirements homogenous in order to increase efficiency a s well as to reduce their expediting costs. It is important to produce the right automotive parts at the right time in order to reduce the cost of obsolescence. Producing too many of such automotive parts at the same time leads to a congestion of the production cycle and this makes it difficult to ship products on time. Thus it is necessary to ensure that all the orders made by customers are dealt with quickly and are finished and shipped on time so that no additional costs are incurred by the manufacturing company (Stuart et al., 2005). Space utilization in HMC’s manufacturing plant is necessary for the purpose of efficient production. The company should change its manufacturing system from a batch production system to

Financial advisor as a career choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Financial advisor as a career choice - Essay Example An illustration: an insurance agent is qualified to sell variable annuities and life insurance. Their compensation is in terms of commission, fees or both (DE GOEY, 2003, p. 65). A financial advisor has the following duties: they should be independent of influence from outside so as to make reasonable investment recommendations, their selection of brokers should be based on the ability of proper execution of their responsibilities, make inquiry of client’s objectives of investment, financial and other factors before any recommendations are drawn, and always let the client’s interest have the upper hand. As a financial advisor there necessary skills and qualities required. The skills are grouped into two, financial and non-financial skills. The non-financial skills needed are: Relationship-management skills This is a people skill required to excel in the career of a financial advisor. A financial advisor is required to listen, ask the right questions, counsel clients, ed ucate clients, resolve conflicts, and understanding the different personalities. They should be knowledgeable in psychology and finance as well, though research has it that â€Å"15% technical knowledge and 85 % psychology. Clients mostly approach a financial advisor in case they are spending a lot, saving nothing or even saving everything. Therefore they need a financial advisor who is not biased thus will attend to their needs and will assist them in making their decisions on finances. I have acquired the life skill which is essential in the profession of a financial advisor. The life skill I have acquired has been of help since I interact with my fellow colleagues and I am able to solve issues amongst us. Therefore becoming a financial advisor will not be challenging as I will be in a position to relate with my co-workers, boss, and the people outside the firm. This could result to a recommendation of a client to me and it could warrant a promotion. According to chapter 8 of Fit zsimmons and Fitzsimmons for any improvement in performance there should be suitable management skills. Personal skills; I am competent enough to manage equally I have been a leader. The relations that I have created in college are evidence that in a job market I can create a good relationship with my co-workers, bosses, and people around me. At times the advisor goes to the extent of making less money so as to create good relationship hence develop a long-term relationship of trust. Leverage comes about after offering quality services and in return they get referrals of other clients and the satisfied clients are willing to offer more for consultancy. With trust the client follows the guidelines of the advisor. The interests of the client should be placed above your own (KANDAMPULLY, 2012, p. 68). Communication skills. They should be articulate, good in writing and presentation skills to assist a client With the appropriate communication skills it is possible to explain to the cust omer the available investment opportunities. A financial advisor should be ready to be involved in a one-on-one discussion with a client since that is the main role. Ability to take and relate complex investment ideas and strategies to their clients in a manner that is effective and simple. Professional competence and no arrogance should be reflected in their communication. Empathy coupled with confidence have created a communication style that is powerful. The module has improved my communication and listening skills in a great way. Personally: I have learnt to be confident with what I say. I have learnt to relate

Cost Acccounting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cost Acccounting - Case Study Example The resulting amount is then deducted by the work in process beginning to come up with cost of goods manufactured. The cost of goods manufactured is then added to the finished goods beginning to come up with goods available for sale. The goods available for sale is deducted by the amount equal to finished goods ending inventory to arrive at COST OF GOODS SOLD. The cost of production report is a major tool for decision making. The cost accounting system shows us the true picture of the Elan company. Based on Table 1 in the Appendix, for the year ended December 31, 1999, When the cost of goods sold amount of $137,935 is divided by the total revenue for the same year of $676,734, the cost of goods ratio of 20.38 percent. When the cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 1997 amounting to $106,182 is divided by the total revenue amount for the same year of $384,181, cost of goods ratio is 27.64 percent. To be more conservative, we can divide the cost of goods sold for the year 1998 of $137,935 by only the product sale of $342,078, the cost of gold ratio increase to 40.32 percent. As for the year 1997, when we divide the cost of goods sold amount of $ 106,182 by the total product sales of $215,486 then the cost of goods sold for the year will increase to 49.28%. The table shows that the product selling price is higher than cost of goods sold. The... The direct materials are the ingredients that used in making the drugs and other products. The second production cost is the direct labor. The direct labor is the total amount paid for factory workers who are directly making those products. The third kind of production cost is the Factory overhead. All factory cost that cannot be identified as direct materials and direct labor are lumped under the account title factory overhead costs. Examples of factory overhead are indirect materials, indirect labor or janitor, electricity cost and telephone expenses. The production cost is an actual amount and not estimated. Factory overhead costs can be divided into two kinds. The first kind is fixed cost. This means that the amount will generally be the same for the current accounting period irregardless of the increase or decrease in the number of products that are being processed. An example of fixed cost is factory supervisor salary and the factory rent expense. The second kind of production cost is the variable cost. The variable cost is named so because the cost or expense amount will increase if production of goods will increase and the amount of such cost or expense decreases when the production of goods will decrease. Examples of variable production cost are direct materials and direct labor. The production cost is an actual amount and not estimated. (B)Assess the extent to which the system provides useful information for pricing,decision making, planning, control and performance measurement.(80 marks)The cost accounting system presented in section (A) above EXTENSIVELY will provide all the minimum requirements that the pricing and decision makers in the Elan company will need for their decision making functions. The

Debates on Elephant Culling

Debates on Elephant Culling Ivy Terry The Controversy of Elephant Culling Press and media have pushed the idea that elephant populations are threatened, diminished by habitat loss, poaching and a variety of other reasons. In the 1930s habitat loss and heavy ivory poaching had decreased South Africas elephant population from 3-5 million to around 500,000 (Harmse, Riana). Since then, through protection, laws and regulations the elephant population in South Africa has increased dramatically, to the point of overabundance. Due to the recent prosperity in the elephant population, measures to control their ecology is crucial to the health and wellbeing of the ecosystem, neighboring species, and the prevention of elephant-human conflict. In South Africas Kruger National Park, in particular, this wildlife management is a necessity in keeping a successfully thriving park. There have been many ways Kruger has pursued in solving the elephant population issue. Including birth control in females, birth control in males, relocation and the establishment of corridors, bu t the most popular in past years has been culling (Harmse, Riana). Culling is a controversial subject when it comes to management because it entails physically killing elephants in a population to reduce its size. So controversial in fact that it was outlawed in Kruger in 1995 but then recently reintroduced back as a management method, in smaller scale (Harmse, Riana). Kruger today has around 13,050 elephants and this population is growing exponentially (Role of Bull Elephant). With lack of predators and an abundance of artificial and natural watering holes, as well as other natural resources, there is no controlling the rate of population growth of these animals (Harmse, Riana). This growth is an imminent problem for the park as well as its surrounding areas. First of all, elephants move in herds, this means they have a substantial effect on landscape and tree cover in the environment. These herds are also constantly moving, covering and destroying vase amounts of land per day (Role of Bull Elephant). Kruger is 7,523 square miles, though this seems large, it is not enough space to support such a population of large mammals (Harmse, Riana). This issue of space contributes to greater and more frequent human-elephant conflict as well as the destruction of park boundary fences and more frequent crop raids (â€Å"Role of Bull Elephant†). There h ave been many other suggested and tested methods of elephant population control in Kruger but none have been proven to be as effective as annual culls. Contraceptives in male or female elephants prove to be expensive, invasive, time consuming and not always successful. Relocation resulted in elephants coming back through the park boundary as well as being massively expensive and dangerous for both parties. Finally, the introduction of corridors from park to park has shown to be too expensive and there is simply no land available to dedicate to this sort of expansion (Harmse, Riana). It is out of the ashes of these other methods of management that culling was reintroduced to Kruger. Currently 500 to 600 elephants are killed in Kruger each year in order to keep the population as close to 13,000 as possible (Elephants To Cull or Not to Cull That Is the Question). After these elephants are killed they are immediately removed and taken to processing locations to which all parts of the an imal are used; meat for food, bones for jewelry and tools, organs for medicine and medical research etc. (Harmse, Riana). Though culling is the most widely used form of elephant population management used in Kruger today it is also the most contested. Each year 950, 000 people visit Kruger and these visitors account for millions of dollars worth of income for the park annually (Harmse, Riana). Obviously any detriment to this tourism would be to the disadvantage of the park and elephant culling, even if hidden from the public, has proven to cause a drop in visitors (Harmse, Riana). Culling in the park is not only affecting tourism but the well being of the elephants as well. Elephants are one of the most sensitive mammals on the planet and one could only imagine the psychological damage that occurs to young after a culling. Typically, hunters go in and wipe out the elders of the herd, leaving the young (Harmse, Riana). This terribly disrupts the age structure of the population by removing the experience necessary to raise the elephant young. This has been known to cause said young to grow up as rogue ele phants, removing themselves from the herd, wreaking havoc on the park and neighboring areas (â€Å"Elephants To Cull or Not to Cull That Is the Question†). These elephants have to be killed due to them posing such a significant threat to humans. Apart from being sensitive, elephants are intelligent creatures. They have been known to communicate from herd to herd by using low frequency grunts very similar to how whales communicate. Therefore, if elephants are culled in one area others know about it, this aggravates them and they can get very frightened, leading to panic and further damage to the environment and danger to humans (Elephants To Cull or Not to Cull That Is the Question). Another major concern with culling in elephant populations is the fact that professional hunters are not always used. This is a considerable issue. These kills needs to be clean and fast, injured elephants are very dangerous, and their cries cause more stress to the remaining herd and can provoke permanent psychological damage on the young. Quick removal of the bodies is also very important due to the fact that remaining elephants often will go back to see their dead companions and this puts even more stress on the animal (Elephants To Cull or Not to Cull That Is the Question). Finally, elephants have a keen sense of smell. So much so that they can smell elephants that have been in distress, blood on the ground, and other signs of death. Elephants are warded off by these smells and will no longer range in areas where a cull has taken place, even years after the event. This can pose problems if the area had been a migratory route for the herd. The elephants would have to take alternate routes to avoid the area, potentially bringing them into contact with farms and villages as well as the possibility of them never finding their traditional feeding grounds, leading to starvation (Elephants To Cull or Not to Cull That Is the Question). The culling of elephants as a management approach in Kruger National Park is a widely debated topic. Personally I believe that the culling of elephants in Kruger or in any other location should be outlawed. I am not necessarily against culling all together but with such a sensitive animal as the elephant it is not appropriate. There are other circumstances in which culling may prove useful and not be of such detriment to the species. Authoritize in the United Kingdom, for example, have recently started regulated culling of badgers. The massive local badger population has been thought to spread tuberculosis to neighboring cow herds. In response, two major culls have taken place, these culls have proven to lower the tuberculosis in herds without having any detriment to the age structure, mental health or the badger populations overall well being (Second Year of Badger Culling Begins). For this reason it is of the utmost importance that before any sort of culling occurs a thorough analy sis of family structure, age structure, mental health and behaviors is looked into on an species to species basis. From there, other strategies can be weighed based on population size and situation. Culling is a viable option for population management but on a situational basis and in terms of the elephant it is inappropriate. Work Cited Elephant Population Management. Kruger Park News. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov.  2014. Elephants To Cull or Not to Cull That Is the Question. Kruger Park Times. N.p.,  n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. Harmse, Riana. Elephant Population Management In Kruger. Olifants Reserve,  Kruger National Park, Limpopo, South Africa. Aug. 2014. Lecture. Role of Bull Elephant. Elephant Culling. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. Second Year of Badger Culling Begins. BBC News. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2014.

Abortion Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abortion has been around since ancient times as a crude method of birth control. Many religions during this time forbade the practice of abortion. Abortion was not illegal in most countries until the 19th century. The law against abortion during this time period forbade the procedure after fetal movement could be felt. However in the 20th century many nations began to relax their laws against abortion. Today, all types of abortions are legal except the partial birth abortion, which will be described later. This procedure is only allowed if the fetus is showing severe deformities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"An abortion is the termination of pregnancy before birth, resulting in, or accompanied by, the death of the fetus†(Encarta Encyclopedia). Not all abortions are intentional- these are specified as miscarriages. A miscarriage is when the fetus does not develop properly or the mother has some type of injury or disorder that is harmful to the fetus and causes it to die. I will go into great detail about the abortions that are induced, because the pregnancy is unwanted or presents a health risk to the mother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are different types of procedures that are used determining the length of the pregnancy. The age of the fetus, or the length of the pregnancy establishes the method that is chosen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first method uses two drugs that when put together cause the death of the fetus. Misoprostol and methotrexate, an anticancer drug, interfere with cell division. A doctor first injects the pregnant women with the drug methotrexate, and then a week later misoprostol. Misoprostol lead to uterine contractions and forces out the fetus. This combination is 95 percent effective is most women who consume them. Yet, with most drugs they cause side effects. The most common side effects are nausea, cramping, and bleeding. There are more serious side effects such as, arrhythmia, edema, and pneumonia, which affect the heart and lungs and further causes death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first four to six weeks of pregnancy, the procedure called preemptive abortion is done. Which corresponds with the method done the first six to eight weeks, early uterine evacuation. Both these procedures are done by the insertion of a narrow tube called a cannula into the cervix and then into the uterus. The cannula is then attached to a suction device, which could be a syringe or somethin... ...a Catholic high school I was taught the laws of the Church. Yet, I don’t know if I would be able to follow those laws if I was presented with that situation at this time in my life. I also feel that even if laws are passed making abortion illegal, it will still be present in our world. People will find a way to have the procedure done. Whether in a dark alley, or in a certified doctor’s office with a doctor who’s looking to make some extra cash. Once the idea is put into someone’s mind, it will never disappear. Someone will always be willing g to provide you, the women, with the procedure. This is also the case with many worldwide issues today. Such as, euthanasia, racism, and certain drug use. I know I sound as if I am contradicting myself by saying; no you shouldn’t kill because it is morally wrong, yet if I were to get pregnant I would seriously consider having an abortion. It really boils down to one point- I am not ready for such a problem. I do not have the authority to take someone’s life away from them, which is only to be decided by God but I’m not ready to bring a child into this world either. For now on I will be cautious, and put great thought into my decisions.